theindranet

xsensors: theindranet phase 1 summary

Purpose: create stable modular code platform for arduino sensors to communicate via RFM69 radios and MQTT protocol to OpenHab server. Arduinos sense events (e.g. doors opening, people moving, garage doors closing, doorbells ringing) and transmit these events to gateways (a pair of arduinos). The gateways then send event data to a server (e.g. raspberry pi) that updates a website (OpenHab-created) with sensor changes. A user-created configuration file defines sensors used.

Based on: Eric Tsai's home automation code (instructables page, github, related forum). Tsai's code accomplished the bulk of what is described above. Modifications include consolidating the code into a class structure and adding the user-defined configuration file which is processed by a setup script.

Context: In general, open source software and hardware are superior to their closed alternatives for many reasons including: privacy/security, modifiability, and incentive to innovate upon. The easier it is to use open components, the better off we'll be. Making the code easier to use for new users to this space should help this. With specific respect to arduino sensors, a significant amount of coding and tinkering is required to bring a sensor network online. Increased modularity in related sensor code should decrease necessary coding. The classes and setup scripts herein also define part of the platform for subsequent phases of theindranet (the primary impetus for this project).

Implementation: a setup script generates arduino and openhab configuration files from a sensor library and user-defined configuration file to set up a wireless sensor network.

Status: prototype. Works with a small set of sensor types with limited user interface options defined through the configuration file. Testing has been limited (with raspberry pi debian server and desktop ubuntu server running both openhab and mqtt).

Serious issues:

#1 issue (w openhab main code) = main openhab UI refresh scrolls page, essentially rendering any related code useless for any serious applications
limited sensor definitions (i.e. handful of sensors like temperature, reed switch, ultrasonic rangefinder)
limited data-handling options (i.e. reports to openhab and can send xmpp instant messages, though no pre-defined setup for other actions such as email notifications yet)
limited to no error catching for many parts of the setup and library code
see below for larger to-do list

The Code: theindranet at github

hardware
core parts:

sensor nodes - arduinos clones w 3V modes (ebay search). Note these should be used in 3V mode only given this is the voltage range the radios operate in. One or two will be required for gateway(s), and then one for each sensor node. Note some of the clones are not super well made. One of ours broke when some of the usb-port circuitry came off the board plugging it in, and another would begin having errors and not run code properly after ~1 hr of operation (with the same code working fine on another arduino). Recommend getting a few more arduinos than you anticipate needing.
prototyping shields (optional; ebay search)
ethernet shield (ebay search) - for the ethernet gateway component
radios - RFM69HW purchased via Anarduino
sensor components - see below
gateways - 2 arduinos, but others appear to have been successful in combining the wireless + ethernet gateways into 1 arduino
server - e.g. raspberry pi, linux server, or whatever can run mqtt and openhab

other required equipment:

soldering tools - at minimum for connecting radios to arduinos
wiring - recommended assortment of multicolored male-male (mostly these), male-female, female-female
resistors - recommend at least a few ~1k resistors

software requirements

python - tested with python version 2.7.9, to check your version execute "python -V"
java - see if installed with java -version, on some linux systems install with sudo apt-get install default-jre
openhab
- download core, addons, and demo setup at the openhab website
- run the demo by copying the demo files into the respective folders of the core distribution folder, then run ./start.sh (if on linux-based system). Make sure openhab works by pointing your browser to http://localhost:8080/openhab.app?sitemap=demo
- you'll need the following add-ons (copy them from the downloaded add-ons folder to your main active openhab folder):
  - binding.http
  - binding.mqtt
  - persistence.logging
  - persistence.mqtt
  - action.xmpp
- when running openhab recommend running in a screen so openhab can be more easily monitored/controlled remotely:
  - execute screen -S openhab
  - in the opened new screen run ./start.sh
  - detach the screen by (on osx) holding down control and hitting "a" and then "d"
  - to resume/attach the screen execute screen -r (or designate the screenname if using multiple screens)
mosquitto (mqtt) server - on many linux systems via: sudo apt-get mosquitto mosquitto-clients python-mosquitto
- you should be able to get by with default mqtt configuration if openhab and mosquitto are installed on the same computer
- monitor mqtt posts via: mosquitto_sub -t '#' -v (subscribes to all topics in verbose mode on localhost)
- test post to mqtt via: mosquitto_pub -t yo -m 'helloooo' (posts to localhost w topic "yo" and message "helloooo")
- when test posting the above mosquitto_pub command while having another terminal window monitoring mqtt posts, you should see the test post appear
C++ library dependencies for arduinos
- RFM69 - radio library at github: lowpowerlab
- NewPing - if using ultrasound sensor, library at google
- DHT - if using temperature/humidity sensor, library at github

theindranet parts
The code including the following can be downloaded from the github page.

xsensor library - classes/subclasses for various arduino sensors as well as methods to relay sensor data to OpenHab server
configuration file (config.json) - arduino/MQTT/openhab setup information including pin/sensor configurations for arduino nodes on the defined networks
setup.py script - takes the config.json file as input and generates arduino files for the arduino gateway (presently 2 arduino files, one for ethernet arduino gateway, and another for wireless arduino gateway), arduino node files (one for each node defined in config), and OpenHab configuration files (items, sitemap, rules)

To use:

place the xsensor folder in your arduino libraries folder
edit the configuration file for your network, nodes, and sensors
execute the setup script by typing "python setup.py" from the directory containing the setup file
upload the arduino and openhab files to the arduino nodes and openhab server, respectively

note: Arduino files are created in folders because the Arduino app freaks out if they're not folder-enclosed when compiling

output files generated by setup.py:

arduino files - using the arduino software upload to the respective gateway and node arduinos
- arduino wireless gateway
- arduino ethernet gateway
- arduino node files - 1 for each node defined in config
openhab configs - upload to the openhab server in the appropriate corresponding folders
- items
- sitemap
- rules

shortcuts/aliases
useful for dealing with tweaks to server files from a local machine (i.e. to put in a .profile file):


#upload openhab config files to remote server - recommend setting up ssh keypairs for easier logins, replace bracketed content:


alias updatehab='scp -P [REMOTE_PORT] "[LOCAL_MACHINE_DIR]/openhabsite.rules" username@ip_address_openhab_server:[SERVER_OPENHAB_DIR]/configurations/rules/openhabsite.rules; scp -P [REMOTE_PORT] "[LOCAL_MACHINE_DIR]/openhabsite.items" username@ip_address_openhab_server:[SERVER_OPENHAB_DIR]/configurations/rules/openhabsite.items; scp -P [REMOTE_PORT] "[LOCAL_MACHINE_DIR]/openhabsite.sitemap" username@ip_address_openhab_server:[SERVER_OPENHAB_DIR]/configurations/rules/openhabsite.sitemap'

getting radios into arduino circuits
The spacing on the arduinos is smaller than that found on pin-headers and breadboards. However, since not all the radio pins are required, pin headers can be bent such that the radio can be plugged into a breadboard. Take needle-nose pliers and carefully bend pin headers to get each used radio pin into a breadboard space before soldering the headers to the radio. This can reduce space and wiring (and it looks nicer). Following are images of the radios first without header pins soldered to them (just with soldering wires that are plugged into proto-board), followed by two images of the radios soldered into header pins that are directly plugged into the proto-board.

sensor dying note
Note on debugging: if a sensor or gateway seems to simply die after a certain amount of time, try swapping out the arduino base unit running the node. It has been discovered that this resolves the issue, pointing to faulty arduino hardware (in our case, an arduino ethernet gateway). This should warrant some caution re circuit work with arduino clones - the clones are great re cost and lower-voltage applications, but expect some quality variation and order more units than anticipated in the event some units are faulty or die.

supported sensors

reed switch
- our source: ebay (link, search term)
- also tested: larger enclosed reeds from adafruit (link)
- wiring: one lead to power, other lead to digital in (default to pin 3) AND ~10k resistor to ground
dht temperature/humidity sensor
- DHT11 and DHT22 tested
- our source: ebay (DHT11 link, DHT22 link)
- wiring (from left to right facing the front/grill): power, digital in (default to pin 6) AND ~10k resistor to power, ground, (unused)
ultrasonic rangefinder
- our source: ebay (HC-SR04 model, generic search)
- wiring (left to right facing front): vcc to power, trig to digital in (default to pin 5), echo to another digital in (default to pin 3), gnd to ground
sound sensor
- our source: ebay (think our model is LM393, generic search)
- wiring: out pin (center) directly to digital in (default to pin 7)
pir motion sensor
- our source: ebay (general pir search)
- wiring: output (center) directly to digital (default to pin 4)
- calibration: recommend googling specific model purchased for tweaking time/sensitivity potentiometers

Note that many of these components can obviously be purchased elsewhere. Amazon has many of these for a higher price, usually with faster shipping. We had no overt issues with any of the suppliers outside the USA.

supported actions
In addition to monitoring sensors via the default openhab interface, xmpp notifications are supported only for reed-switch opening via the configuration file. Replace the dummy-xmp code provided in the config file with your settings. Note that in the xmpp message field ****sensorname**** will be parsed and replaced with the sensor name. To get the tlspin, go to xmpp.net, input the server being used (consider setting up an account with dukgo.com), and get the SHA-256 hash from the #0 certificate (see e.g. this page or this page for more information).

to do

dual-gateway integration (combine ethernet and wireless gateways)
integration of any improvements in Tsai's code (there was long delay between xsensor library creation/development and release)
support alternative interfaces (aside from default openhab interface, given bugs)
add sensors (e.g. buzzers/soundmakers)
add action modules - i.e. for more than just xmpp notifications for reed switch open
consider voltage regulation when using any compoenents w >3V output - afaik higher V can leak through arduino
instead of have time_since_blah w increasing w set to millis() do time_elapsed_since and reset counters to zero (should allow smaller vars re reducing memory overhead)
radio struct complete re-design
- previously considered moving out of fn, though keeping it there might reduce memory overhead if deconstructed post-fn-call
- consider dynamic number of variables, w an initial var indicating how many are going/coming
- consider switching to more clear/verbose variables names per comment section in respective code
more verbose debugging mode, w e.g. routing Serial.print notifications to radio/server/openhab
include persistence configurations in config setup
scrub code of unused variables
redundancy backup gateways
relay nodes - for redundancy as well as for increasing sensor range

bugs

order of items in config file does not match order of items loaded to site
page refresh scrolls page (in main openhab interface; is a bug with openhab itself)

progress

generation of openhab main configuration file from JSON config file
broken icons go away if groups/items are assigned icons - seems an openhab bug
json config handles openhab config
verify works w new oh version - appears to
verify functional with multiple nodes - seems ok
library appears to work
setup script appears to generally work
fixed dying eth gateway (was hardware issue)
fixed update times
humidity fixed
headers work
config handles network (non-node specific) configs
single node w gateways appear to stay live > 24 hrs

software license

CC-BY-SA
theindranet by ak1n, janu5, keystroke, arrguile is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
xsensors project originally based on Eric Tsai's work as noted above.

contributors

ak1n
janu5
keystroke
arrguile

contact

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ak1n (see mit keys):

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janu5 (see mit keys):

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keystroke (see mit keys):

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arrguile (see mit keys):

Public Key Server -- Get "0x73bb347f8fcad3ee "

-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: SKS 1.1.5
Comment: Hostname: pgp.mit.edu

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-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----